Copenhagen es una ciudad sustentable
Por: MAC Arq. Karla Chávez Montiel
Copenhaguen es una ciudad que está siendo ejemplo para el mundo, buscando la sustentabilidad.
El cambio climático nos afecta a todos y actualmente son muchos los esfuerzos puestos en marcha para detener el cambio climático y sus consecuencias; nos hemos percatado que no basta sólo con reducir, reciclar y reutilizar si no que las ciudades, estados y países deben tener proyectos y planes de desarrollo sostenible para mitigar este fenómeno global, tal como lo hace Copenhaguen.
Copenhague, capital danesa, ha sido nombrada la Capital Verde Europea en el 2014 y ha aparecido como primer lugar en el ranking de Ciudades Verdes realizado por Siemens en colaboración con la EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit) desde el 2010 y para el 2025 planea convertirse en la primera ciudad del mundo con 0 emisiones de dióxido de carbono o con huella de co2 neutral.
Este título lo piensan lograr a través de una serie de proyectos y estrategias basadas en su propia guía de Soluciones para Ciudades Sustentables (disponible para todo el público), este documento cuyo propósito es el mejorar la habitabilidad de la ciudad, se encuentra dividido en 4 ejes: movilidad, agua, energía y recursos y estrategias.
Movilidad
1. Cultura ciclista
Copenhague es conocida por su cultura ciclista e incluso ha sido nombrada la mejor ciudad para ciclistas en el mundo; por lo que se ha puesto como prioridad en su planeación urbana, diseñar una red de ciclovías que faciliten a las personas llegar a sus destinos en bicicleta. Los beneficios de este eje son: reducir el ruido, la contaminación y las emisiones de CO2, ciudadanos saludables, la infraestructura para ciclovías es de bajo costo, trayectos más cortos en cuanto a tiempo y menos congestión de tráfico.
*Actualmente 50% de la población se transporta en bicicleta todos los días.
2. Transporte urbano
Dentro de su apartado de movilidad, se encuentra el desarrollar una integración física y de plataforma on line entre los distintos sistemas de transporte (bus, tren, bicicleta y metro) para facilitarle a los pasajeros moverse sin dificultad por la ciudad. Este programa ayuda al ciudadano a dejar de usar el carro particular, reduciendo sus emisiones CO2 y mejorar la calidad de vida de la ciudad reduciendo el tráfico y ahorrando dinero.
Agua
1. El Puerto
El Puerto de Copenhague fue transformado de un lugar donde se vertían aguas residuales a un espacio público donde se pudiera nadar y divertirse, mediante la modernización del sistema de alcantarillado y drenaje, la adopción de un programa de limpieza del puerto, un sistema que desvia el agua de lluvia local y estableciendo un diseño urbano fuerte para crear un espacio recreativo. Dentro de los beneficios de este proyecto están los siguientes: subió el valor inmobiliario de la zona, aumentó la calidad en el turismo de la ciudad, se revitalizaron negocios locales y se mejoró la calidad del agua en el puerto.
2. Sistema de saneamiento de agua
La ciudad cuenta con un programa dedicado a la demanda de agua y está planteado en 3 elementos: la administración del recurso hídrico, la protección de aguas subterráneas y el cambio de cultura o comportamiento de los ciudadanos a través de campañas de concientización, teniendo como objetivo el consumo de 100 litros diarios como máximo por habitante, en las distintas actividades que realizan.
Energía y recursos
1. Molinos de viento
El 22% de la electricidad total de Dinamarca es producido por turbinas de viento, este porcentaje es el más alto del mundo. En Copenhague se introdujo la infraestructura de energía renovable a través de una asociación única basada en propietarios locales, los cuales poseen acciones dentro de la Cooperativa de Aerogeneradores cambiando así la cultura de aceptación de estas fuentes de energía eólica.
Se invirtió en tecnología de primer nivel para manufacturar molinos de viento que pudieran estar colocados en el mar, soportaran el intenso oleaje y resistieran la temporada de invierno con sus témpanos de hielo; un punto clave en el proyecto fue mejorar la capacidad de la red de eléctrica para aceptar y equilibrar el aumento de los niveles de energía intermitentes de los aerogeneradores. Teniendo como beneficios la reducción de la huella de carbono, la creación de una fuente nueva de empleos y el impulso de la economía verde local.
2. Edificios para toda la vida
En Copenhague se ha integrado en proyectos de construcción la eficiencia energética, administración del uso de agua y otros recursos desde el principio del proceso de diseño hasta el fin del ciclo de vida del edificio, esto ayuda que durante las distintas etapas se reducen los desechos, la contaminación y la degradación ambiental considerablemente. Los edificios de la ciudad tienen un clima interior de calidad que protege la salud y mejora la productividad de los habitantes; además la ciudad no olvida sus edificios antiguos y los ha remodelado para que puedan cumplir con las nuevas demandas de eficiencia, respetando las fachadas y estilos originales del lugar.
Las ventajas de esto es reducir las emisiones de CO2 y consumo de energía tanto en edificios nuevos como antiguos, las zonas urbanas se convierten más atractivas y el valor de los bienes raíces aumenta, mejora la salud y la calidad de vida pues la habilidad para aprender y el nivel de concentración están directamente relacionados con la calidad del clima interior, la economía mejora gracias a la optimización de la energía y se reduce el costo en el ciclo de vida de un edificio.
Proyecto reciente
Islas flotantes
El arquitecto australiano Marshal Blecher y en diseñador danés Magnus Maarbjerg se han unido para crear una isla de madera creada por el hombre, con un árbol de tilo y que actualmente se encuentra flotando en el puerto de Copenhague. Esta plataforma de 20 metros cuadrados es un prototipo hecho a mando de un proyecto a gran escala llamado Islas de Copenhague, una serie de espacios públicos flotantes en el puerto de la ciudad que busca democratizar el agua.
La CPH-01 es la primera plataforma hecha y se considera una isla pequeña con grandes ideas, fue concebida tras la metáfora de una isla desierta y representa, según el equipo de diseño, la primer probada de un completamente nuevo estilo de espacios públicos para la ciudad de Copenhague, movibles, flotantes y libres para la exploración. Esta isla estará flotando en el puerto durante este 2019 y cualquier persona que guste podrá utilizarla; el plan es que haya varias de ellas para poder acomodarlas juntas o de maneras diferentes según la necesidad, se espera que se realicen saunas, jardines, granjas de mejillones y cafés flotantes, todo libre para el uso público.
¨Un mundo sustentable empieza con ciudades sustentables¨ , Frank Jensen & Morten Kabell
Algunas referencias que se tomaron para este texto:
City of Copenhagen. (2014). Copenhagen Solutions for Sustainable Cities. Copenhagen: City Hall.
Flanagan, R. (n.d.). Copenhagen Harbor’s Floating Islands. Retrieved Febrero 2019, from Ignant: https://www.ignant.com/
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